Concentration Of Banking Sector Research Articles

Relationship Banking, Collateral, and the Economic Crisis as Determinants of Credit Risk: An Empirical Investigation of SMEs

Abstract This study examines the impact of relationship banking and collateral on the probability of firm loan default in Kosovo. Using a sample of 2,320 loan-level data from an individual bank credit register, findings indicate that stronger firm-bank relationships reduce the probability of default, and tighter credit policies regarding higher collateral requirements and interest rates have the opposite effect. Re-specifying the model to control for the banking sector concentration Hirschman-Herfindahl Index (HHI) and the Net Interest Margin (NIM), the firm-bank relationship is no longer statistically significant. Results show that the crisis negatively impacts credit risk, while HHI positively affects the probability of loan default. This evidence suggests that banking relationship matters only in competitive markets. To test the potential interaction effect between relationship banking and collateral, Fairlie’s (1999) decomposition technique is deployed. Our results imply that high concentration levels in the banking sector render firm-bank relationships relatively less important. This is of utmost importance for SMEs, banks, and policymakers.

Banks, financial markets, and income inequality

AbstractWhile financial development is often found to raise income inequality, it remains unclear whether the composition of the financial system makes a difference. In our sample of 99 countries over the period 1975–2020, increased activity of banks relative to markets in the provision of financial services is robustly associated with less inequality in the developing world yet with more inequality in developed economies. Accounting for redistribution systems does not alter this finding; banking sector concentration amplifies the effects. Results suggest that banks work at the extensive margin at earlier stages of economic development yet shift to the intensive margin at higher levels of development, where they increasingly serve the interests of the rich. Higher market power enables banks to better pursue their objectives at each of the margins.

Credit risk contagion and firm investment efficiency: From the perspective of credit debt defaults

Frequent credit debt defaults can constitute credit risk contagion causing systemic financial risk across the macroeconomy. In this paper, we find that credit risk contagion that occurs in a city or industry has a negative influence on the investment efficiency of firms within the scope, and this effect is amplified as the size of credit debt defaults grows. This conclusion is still robust after a series of tests. The mechanism analysis results show that credit risk contagion reduces firms' investment efficiency by affecting their bank lending, trade credit along the supply chain, credit allocation towards mortgage loans, and financial constraints. Furthermore, we find that private firms and firms located in regions with decentralized banking sectors are less affected by credit risk contagion, which validates the impact of firm ownership and regional banking sector concentration. Finally, we according to the test result of firm performance reveal that credit risk contagion increases the prudence of firm investment decisions, making this contraction of firm investment show a positive effect. This paper provides both theoretical support and policy insights for strengthening credit debt market regulation and preventing systemic financial risks.

Banking sector concentration, credit shocks and aggregate fluctuations

This paper studies whether the raise in concentration experienced by the Spanish banking sector has lead to the increase of bank-specific credit shocks contribution to aggregate credit. We decompose aggregate credit volatility and find that (i) the Spanish banking sector is granular, (ii) the direct effect of bank-specific shocks accounts for the overwhelming majority of the variation in aggregate volatility, contrary to the manufacturing sector, and (iii) the raise in concentration translated into an increase of bank-specific shocks contribution to aggregate volatility.

Banking Sector Concentration, Credit Supply Shocks and Aggregate Fluctuations

Banking Sector Concentration, Credit Supply Shocks and Aggregate Fluctuations

Financial structure gap and bank lending-deposit rate spread in Sub-Saharan Africa: a panel analysis

ABSTRACT Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has one of the highest lending-deposit spreads. This study addresses a research gap by examining whether financial market structure explains the sub-continent’s high spread. The paper develops an original theoretical model. This is subsequently examined empirically. In and of itself, the study finds that financial market structure has no effect on the spread. However, it has a positive impact when it interacts with the differential between bank and stock market returns. Similarly, banking-sector concentration and the credit-deposit quotient increase the spread. In contrast, the following have a negative influence on the spread, namely: lagged degree of credit market equilibrium, government size and savings rate.

An Analysis of Concentration and Competition in the Banking Sector of the Republic of Serbia

Abstract The degree of the banking sector concentration is a structural variable and refers to the number of banks in the system and the degree of their market power. The importance of measuring concentration in the banking sector stems from the causal relationship between the market structure and the competitive behaviour of market participants. Traditional models measuring the banking sector competition proceed from the market structure and concentration measures. In contrast, modern approaches to measuring competition rely on non-structural models and analysis of the behaviour of market participants. The paper analyzes the degree of concentration and competition in the banking sector of the Republic of Serbia. The traditional and most frequently used indices, the concentration ratio and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, are used to measure concentration. The values of these indices show low banking sector concentration but a rise in the observed period. The values of the comprehensive industrial concentration index and the entropy coefficient confirm the concentration absence in the banking sector of the Republic of Serbia. In addition to the usual banking sector concentration measures, the authors use the Linda index to assess the banking sector concentration and competitiveness, to show the absence of an oligopolistic structure in terms of total balance sheet assets, lending and deposit activity of banks.

BANK CONCENTRATION AND BANKING STABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM EAGLE GROUP

The study was conducted to assess the impact of the banking sector's concentration on the banking system's stability in Emerging and growth-leading economies (EAGLEs). In addition, the study also analyzed the role of macroeconomic factors in bank stability. By applying Bayesian multivariate linear regression, the posterior probability results show that money supply growth and credit growth erode the soundness of the banking system. On the other hand, economic growth helps to improve banking stability, but this effect is not obvious; surprisingly, inflation also increases the banking stability of the Emerging and growth-leading economies. Finally, the study shows that the equity ratio to total assets has a reverse relationship with bank stability. Due to data limitations, this study has not yet examined the role of macroprudential policy instruments in maintaining banking stability. Hence, in future studies, besides the factors considered in this study, we should focus on analyzing the impact of macroprudential policy instruments on banking stability.

Revisiting the effects of banks’ size on systemic risk: the role of banking sector concentration in the European Banking Union

ABSTRACT In order to contribute to the literature on bank size as a determinant of systemic risk, this article assesses whether the banks’ size effects on banks’ systemic risk exposure in the European Banking Union could be mitigated/aggravated when the banking sector concentration is taken into account. The results indicate that the banking sector concentration lowers the banks’ size effects on banks’ systemic risk exposure in the European Banking Union. Thus, this article advocates for mergers and acquisitions between banks in the European Banking Union.

Bank branching, concentration, and local economic growth in pre-WW1 England and Wales

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between the spread of bank offices, banking sector concentration, and economic growth in English and Welsh counties in the four decades before WW1. During this period, banks rapidly expanded their branch networks, while banking sector concentration increased. Findings from both panel fixed effects and instrumental variable regressions suggest that an increase in the number of bank offices in English and Welsh counties had a positive impact on local economic growth. There is no evidence of banking sector concentration being negatively associated with local economic performance prior to WW1.

Evaluación de la concentración y competencia del sector bancario ecuatoriano en el periodo 2006-2018

El presente trabajo se centra en la determinación del grado de concentración y competencia de mercado del sector bancario ecuatoriano; medido con información de las cuentas de capital, cartera de crédito, depósitos e inversión en el periodo 2006-2018. La investigación presenta una metodología de corte longitudinal, mediante la utilización de datos con una dimensión temporal y espacial; empleando diferentes índices de carácter estructural y no estructural. Los principales hallazgos indican que en el sector bancario ecuatoriano no existe concentración de mercado, además, los bancos tienen la capacidad de fijar sus precios, que deben oscilar entre los límites establecidos por los organismos de regulación como el Banco Central del Ecuador, el Ministerio de Finanzas y la Superintendencia de Bancos.
 Palabras clave: Índice, concentración de mercado, banco, poder de mercado.
 URL: http://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/882

Estimation and determinants of Chinese banks’ total factor efficiency: a new vision based on unbalanced development of Chinese banks and their overall risk

The paper estimates banks’ total factor efficiency (TFE) as well as TFE of each production factor by incorporating banks’ overall risk endogenously into bank’s production process as undesirable by-product in a Global-SMB Model. Our results show that, compared with a model incorporated with banks’ overall risk, a model considering only on-balance-sheet risk may over-estimate the integrated TFE (TFIE) and under-estimate TFE volatility. Significant heterogeneities of bank TFIE and TFE of each production factor exist among banks of different types and regions, as a result of still prominent unbalanced development of Chinese commercial banks. Based on the estimated TFIE, the paper further investigates the determinants of bank efficiency, and finds that shadow banking, bank size, NPL ratio, loan to deposit ratio, fiscal surplus to GDP ratio and banking sector concentration are significant determinants of bank efficiency. Besides, a model with risk-weighted assets as undesirable outputs can better capture the impact of shadow banking involvement.

Do banking sector concentration, banking sector development and equity market development influence firms’ financial flexibility? Evidence from Pakistan

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of banking sector concentration, banking sector development and equity market development in corporate financial flexibility (FF).Design/methodology/approachThe study used annual data for the period from 1991 to 2014 to examine the relationship between banking sector concentration, banking sector development, equity market development and corporate FF; hypotheses were tested using an unbalanced panel logistic regression model.FindingsThe paper provides empirical insights into the relationships between macroeconomic factors and corporate FF. The results suggest a substantial change in FF across firms; banking sector concentration discourages firms from borrowing, leading to the reduction of corporate borrowing, consequently an increase in FF can be observed. Banking sector development facilitates debt financing, hence reducing FF. Equity market development also has a positive impact on FF, as it is a substitute for debt financing.Practical implicationsThe banking sector is an important provider of capital to business entities. A concentrated banking system discourages the provision of capital to firms; hence regulators have to take appropriate measures to resolve the problem of a reduced supply of capital. Banking sector development facilitates the provision of capital; further development may reduce bank lending rates to firms. Equity market development positively affects FF; hence, firm managers can use equity financing to resume FF. By following pecking order theory, managers use internal sources to finance value-maximizing investment projects, debt and issue shares as the last choice to get financing. When borrowing capacity is depleted, managers can obtain further funds by issuing stocks.Originality/valueFF is an emergent area of research in advanced countries, while in developing economies, it is in the initial stages. Little work is available in this area to find the impact of banking sector concentration, banking sector development and equity market development, therefore, this study fills this gap in the existing literature.

Why are Lending Rates Sticky? Investigating the Asymmetrical Adjustment of Bank Lending Rates in Uganda

ABSTRACT We investigate the drivers of the asymmetrical response of lending rates to changes in the policy rates in Uganda. The analysis is based on panel error correction methods on Ugandan bank-level data over the period 2009–2017. Results confirm that lending rates are sticky downward. The factors associated with the asymmetrical response of interest rates to policy rates include the following: risk, cost, the level of bank capitalization, banking sector concentration, and government borrowing. These results provide new insights necessary for the design of appropriate policy measures to reduce the high and sticky lending rates.

Banking sector concentration, competition and financial stability: the case of the Baltic countries

ABSTRACTThis paper empirically assesses the potential nonlinear relationship between competition and bank risk for a sample of commercial banks in the Baltic countries over the period 2000–2014. Competition is measured by two alternative indexes, the Lerner index and the market share, while we consider the Z-score and loan loss reserves as proxies for bank risk. In line with the theoretical predictions, we find an inverse U-shaped relationship between competition and financial stability. This then means that above a certain threshold, the lack of competition is likely to exacerbate the individual risk-taking behaviour of banks, and could be detrimental to the stability of the banking sector in the Baltic countries. The threshold is around 0.60 for the Lerner index, and close to 50% for market share in terms of assets. The policy implications are that the existence of such a threshold suggests that the future evolution of the structure of the banking industry in these countries is of critical importance. Specifically, this implies that policy-makers should place greater emphasis on mergers and acquisitions to avoid any significant increase of banking sector concentration.

Investigating the Relationship Between Financial Constraint and Growth of SMEs in South Eastern Europe

This study investigates the determinants of financial constraint and its impact on the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in South Eastern Europe (SEE). In this study, enterprise data from the fifth round of the Business Environment and Enterprise Survey (BEEPS V) undertaken in 2012-2016 were used, and an empirical analysis including ordered probit, probit, and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) specifications was conducted. The findings evidence that financial constraint is significantly detrimental to SME growth in the region. Moreover, SMEs operating in trade sector perceive access to finance comparatively less, whereas mature enterprises perceive it as more constraining. Among country-specific factors, high banking sector concentration adversely affects access to finance, whereas more domestic credit provided to private sector mitigates the financial constraint perception of SMEs.

Impact of spatial concentration of the Russian banking sector on lending to regions and small and medium businesses

The article considers how the spatial concentration of the banking sector in Russia, associated with the formation of an increasingly centralized and state-owned banking system, affects lending in the regions of the country. Foreign research in the field of financial geography indicates that spatial centralization of the banking system may hinder sufficient lending to regions remote from financial centers, as well as small and medium-sized businesses, especially in times of crisis. We analyze these conclusions in relation to Russia in 2010—2017. Centralization of the Russian banking system is largely predetermined by the centralization of the economy as a whole and contributes to the redistribution of credit resources from the capital to the regions of the country, but adequate lending to SMEs is a problem in this situation.

TÜRKİYE’DE BANKA SERMAYE TAMPONLARI, KREDİ BÜYÜMESİ VE İŞ ÇEVRİMLERİ

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren bankaların sermaye tamponlarının iş çevrimleri ve kredi büyümesi ile ilişkisi 2002-2017 dönemi için üç aylık veriler kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Tahminler sistem genelleştirilmiş momentler metodu kullanılarak yapılmış ve söz konusu etkilerin bankaların faaliyet türlerine göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği ayrıca test edilmiştir. Elde edile sonuçlara göre, Türkiye’de banka sermaye tamponları iş çevrimlerine karşı döngüsel hareket etmektedir. Ancak bu bulgu yatırım ve kalkınma bankaları için geçerli değildir. Diğer yandan, bankalara özgü özelliklerle ilgili panel regresyon sonuçlarına göre, büyüklük, karlılık ve risk ticari bankaların sermaye tamponlarının anlamlı belirleyicileri olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, bankacılık sektörünün yapısı ve 2008 küresel finansal krizinin banka sermaye tamponları üzerinde etkili olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sermaye tamponlarının bankaların kredi arzı üzerindeki etkisine dair bulgular ise ters yönlü bir ilişkiye işaret etmektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları, banka sermaye yeterliliğine ilişkin düzenlemeler ile Basel III uzlaşısı kapsamında önerilen ve yakın zamanda uygulamaya koyulan döngüsel sermaye tamponuna dair sonuçları bakımından önem taşımaktadır.

TÜRKİYE’DE BANKA SERMAYE TAMPONLARI, KREDİ BÜYÜMESİ VE İŞ ÇEVRİMLERİ

This paper empirically analyzes the relationship of the Turkish banks’ capital buffer with business cycles and credit growth over the period 2002-2017 by utilizing quarterly data. System generalized method of moments estimator is used and analysis is further carried out to investigate whether those effects change depending on type of banks. According to the estimation results, capital buffers held by Turkish banks move countercyclically over business cycles. However, this result does not hold for development and investment banks. Moreover, bank size, profitability and risk turned out to be significant determinants of commercial banks’ capital buffers. At the same time, banking sector concentration and 2008 global financial crisis seem to have an impact on capital buffers. The findings regarding the effect of capital buffer on bank lending indicate an inverse relationship. The results of the study have important policy implications in terms of capital adequacy regulations together with the countercyclical capital buffer measure, which was proposed by Basel III and had been adopted very recently.

Determinants of the Financing Obstacles Faced by SMEs: An Empirical Study of Emerging Economies

Ab stract: Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the economic development of emerging countries. The lack of access to finances is one of the important growth constraints the SMEs face. This study investigates the firm and country specific determinants of the financial constraint levels of SMEs in selected emerging Western Balkan economies. The main determinants of the financing obstacles examined in the sampled countries were: firm size, ownership type, and age, accounting information transparency, the depth of credit information indexes, the banking sector concentration, property registration costs; and per capita GDP. The findings confirm that firm size is a significant determinant of the financial constraint levels of SMEs in the selected economies. Moreover, we found that older firms are financially more constrained in the region. The possible economic implications of the positive association between firm age and financial constraint are discussed. Banking sector concentration level plays crucial role in the external financing of SMEs in developing countries. By closely examining the firm characteristics and country-level factors that determine the degree of the financing obstacles faced by SMEs, we observed that in developing economies overall institutional and financial problems are more important than firm-specific